Environment

Our focus

We recognise the need to develop and produce from the Shaikan Field in a way that minimises our impact on the local environment and addresses climate‑related risks and opportunities. For GKP, this means monitoring our emissions footprint and taking steps to reduce the carbon intensity of our operational activities, maintaining compliance with TCFD recommendations for our reporting, protecting air quality around our operations and managing the impact of our facilities on the local environment.

Decarbonisation opportunities

Our long-standing ambition remains to reduce routine flaring and the carbon intensity of our operations through the implementation of a Gas
Management Plan (“GMP”). In 2023, we had made significant progress in advancing the project towards sanction as part of the Field
Development Plan agreed with the Kurdistan’s Ministry of Natural Resources at the time. However, following the closure of the Iraq-Türkiye Pipeline (“ITP”) and suspension of Kurdistan crude exports in March of that year, we were forced to pause all development activity, including the GMP. Following the recent restart of exports, we have commenced a review of options for the project.

Consistency with Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures recommendations

We recognise the need to develop and produce from the Shaikan Field in a way that minimises our impact on the local environment and addresses climate‑related risks and opportunities. GKP has taken significant steps in recent years to develop a sustainability strategy while addressing climate-related risks and opportunities. 2020 represented GKP’s first disclosure to address the TCFD recommendations and since then the Company has focused its efforts on enhancing its disclosures, with the climate-related financial disclosures in the 2025 annual report fully compliant with TCFD’s recommended disclosures.

Protecting air quality

We maintain a robust air quality monitoring programme across the Shaikan Field. We monitor air quality in a variety of ways, including stationary
field monitoring, diffusion tubes, handheld Photo-ionisation Detectors (“PIDs”) and gas surveys. Air quality data is reported to Kurdistan’s
Ministry of Natural Resources on an ongoing basis and the Company is focused on maintaining compliance with Kurdish regulatory limits.

Facility impact management

We undertake detailed facility impact management studies prior to commencing any site work. Before facilities or access roads are built, flowlines installed or wells drilled, GKP conducts a thorough environmental and social impact assessment (“ESIA”) as part of our project design phase.

Soil remediation

We aim to avoid any instances of contaminated soil, surface water and groundwater resulting from our operations to prevent any risks to public health and safety or our impact on the environment. As part of our standard procedure, all waste drilling cuttings and fluids are managed in line with Kurdistan legislation and international standards. We also ensure that any pits that are excavated next to well pads to hold drilling fluid are remediated after any drilling operations are completed.

Waste management

Gulf Keystone maintains high standards of waste management in the Shaikan Field and our offices. We sort our waste into four categories:

• liquid hazardous waste: includes waste crude oil, contaminated water and drilling fluids;
• liquid non-hazardous waste: includes uncontaminated water;
• solid hazardous waste: includes drilling cuttings, chemicals and medical waste; and
• solid non-hazardous waste: includes food waste, packaging, glass and metals.

Water management

With our operations situated in a region that is prone to drought, having a strong water and wastewater management process in place is a key consideration – not only for our own business but for our land and local communities.

The majority of our water use, measured as water withdrawn, is associated with drilling activities. The remainder is used for operational requirements and as drinking water in our production facility camps. Water at the camps is supplied via water wells, which are analysed monthly and chlorinated weekly to ensure they meet World Health Organization (“WHO”) guidelines.

Wastewater management

Our sewage wastewater is continuously treated in sewage treatment units, with samples taken from the inlet and outlet streams to ensure the units are operating efficiently and that the quality of the effluent meets WHO guidelines.

Any wastewater from drilling activities with oil traces is collected and transported via vacuum trucks to an MNR-approved refinery that specialises in recycling oil and lubricants of different grades from waste containing oil and/or hydrocarbons.